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How To Connect Ideas In English [with Linking Words]
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- Well hey there I'm Emma from mmmEnglish. I''ve got a very interesting English lesson for you today.
- I'm going to teach you seven extremely common English linking words plus their professional equivalents.
- So linking words are words that link ideas together as you speak and you write so it's a really useful skill to have.
- They are useful words to know. But in this lesson we're going to practise the casual,
- everyday conversational linking words alongside the more formal alternatives that will make you sound
- more professional when you're linking ideas together in English. You probably know already that spoken English is
- generally more casual whereas written English is more formal. And it's important to understand the formal and the informal
- uses of language. When you use formal language while you're speaking in just
- a regular everyday conversation, there is a danger that you'll sound a bit stiff and a bit serious.
- And if you use the casual, informal versions in a professional context,
- well that's okay but you just might not sound as convincing or as professional as you want to.
- All of the words in this lesson are extremely useful to help you communicate clearly and effectively in any situation
- so I recommend you watch it all the way through to the end. I just want to take a few seconds here to give a little shout-out
- to the members of Hey Lady! who are watching today. Hey ladies! It's great to see you here.
- If you haven't heard yet, Hey Lady! is our online community helping women to succeed in English.
- We make it easy and safe to meet new speaking partners and give you interesting topics to talk about together.
- We have an amazing team of expert English coaches who'll encourage and support you at every step.
- It's the perfect place to practise because you can make mistakes without feeling judged and make real progress
- even if you don't have a lot of time to spare. As long as your English level is intermediate or above
- then your English is good enough to join the community. And if you sign up today you can experience everything we offer
- free for ten days. I've put the link down in the description below,
- make sure you check it out and I hope to see you inside! Today you get to meet casual Emma and professional Emma.
- Casual Emma is going to tell you about her recent trip to Portugal. And professional Emma is going to talk to you about
- tourism trends in Portugal. Now I want you to sit back and watch and enjoy the story
- but all the while see if you can identify some of the linking words that get used.
- Words in my sentences that link to ideas or two thoughts together. I just got back from my trip to Portugal.
- And I'm exhausted. It was an amazing trip
- but I'm really struggling with the jetlag this time. If I can afford it, I'd fly business class
- or maybe break up the trip by staying a night in Dubai. That might help.
- We wanted really comfortable weather so we travelled in May. It wasn't too hot, it wasn't too cold, it was perfect.
- I'd love to go back again soon because there's just still so much I want to see and do.
- I really enjoyed the food on this trip, sweets like pasteis de nata, custard tarts and seafood like bacahlau, salted cod.
- Everything in Portugal is beautiful, especially those stunning patterned tiles that you see everywhere.
- Did you notice some of the linking words while I was talking? I used and,
- or, but,
- so because,
- like and especially.
- These are some of the most common linking words in English and I feel pretty confident that you know at least
- some of them. Most of them if not all of them.
- But if you're feeling a little unsure about the function or the meaning in English sentences, don't worry
- because we're going to review how all of these words are used in English, what their function is, once we hear from
- professional Emma. Professional Emma is going to give you a presentation
- and it's going to feel a little more formal because of the language that she's using.
- In it, you're going to hear seven more linking words that are often used in this type of context, in this formal context.
- All of these words are still very common in spoken English but they are noticeably more
- formal than the ones we just went through. Good morning! I'm here today to talk to you about tourism
- in Portugal. Portugal experiences mild winters and hot summers. As a result, it's popular in summer as well as winter.
- The diverse landscape ensures that tourists can enjoy either a coastal holiday or a trip to the mountains.
- In fact, Portugal was voted the best European destination to visit by car in 2021.
- Since Portugal shares a border with Spain, it's logical that many tourists are Spanish. Lisbon is by far the most popular destination.
- Tourists enjoy activities such as visiting the Alfama neighbourhood or catching the vintage tram 28 through historic neighbourhoods.
- International tourism has not yet recovered to pre-pandemic levels whereas domestic tourism is currently booming.
- There's just so much to see, even for the Portuguese themselves. So did you catch any of these linking words?
- Each one of them is the formal or more professional equivalent of the linking words that we heard before.
- Professional Emma used words like as well as, whereas,
- either or, as a result.
- since, such as,
- in fact. We use and and as well as
- for adding information. We can replace and with as well as if you want to sound a little bit more formal or
- maybe you just want to add a little bit of variety into your sentence so instead of saying and and and and,
- we can add that variety by using as well as. Portugal is a popular destination in summer and winter.
- Or we could say it's popular in summer as well as winter. To show contrast we can use but in casual conversational English
- and whereas to sound a little bit more professional. International tourism has not yet recovered to pre-pandemic levels
- but domestic tourism is booming and we can simply switch out but for whereas.
- Whereas domestic tourism is booming. But is definitely a way more common way to contrast ideas
- but that's exactly why it helps to use whereas to sound a little bit more intelligent,
- a little bit more official, a little bit more professional. Now let's look at or and either or.
- We use these conjunctions to show alternatives or options or choices.
- Enjoy a coastal holiday or a trip to the mountains. So here we have one option and here's the other.
- Option one and option two. Using either or has the same meaning.
- Enjoy either a coastal holiday or a trip to the mountains. One important thing to note here is that we use or and either or
- to connect two things of the same grammatical type in a sentence so that means we connect two nouns or two verbs
- or two clauses together. Two of the same thing in the sentence.
- Do you prefer chips or popcorn? So we're connecting nouns. Either you're driving me home or I'm catching a taxi.
- So here we're connecting clauses. Let's take a closer look at this word here for a second.
- Is it either? Or either?
- Have you heard English speakers using both types of pronunciation?
- Both of them are correct. I want you to practise a little with me. Either.
- You could choose either or either, it really makes no difference at all. in fact, I use them both.
- But this interesting combination of pronunciation creates another really useful interesting expression that you can learn.
- If someone gives you two options to choose from but you really don't care which one
- you can say either, either or
- either or, I don't mind. So it literally means
- I'm not fussed, I don't mind, I don't care which one we do because both of them are fine with me.
- Either, either. Either, or.
- So connects a reason with a result. The weather is nice all year
- so Portugal is popular with tourists. So here's the reason, the nice weather.
- And the result is that Portugal is popular. When we use so in this way to connect a reason to a result
- in our sentence, so always comes in the middle of our sentence because it's linking these two clauses,
- these two ideas together. And we can replace so with as a result almost interchangeably.
- So is more casual, as a result is more formal but there is one little change that we need to make,
- really important little change. We need to add and ahead of as a result.
- If it's in the middle of a sentence we must make sure that we add and.
- Portugal has nice weather and as a result, it's very popular with tourists.
- We can also use as a result at the beginning of our sentence as well.
- As a result of the nice weather, Portugal is popular with tourists. So can you see the difference in the way that these two examples
- are structured? Here as a result connects two full sentences together
- but here it connects a noun phrase with a sentence. Now sometimes you want to focus on the reason for something
- rather than the result. That's when because and since come in really handy.
- Because the weather is nice all year, Portugal is popular with tourists.
- Or since the weather is nice, Portugal is popular with tourists. Because is really common in both speaking and writing
- but since is definitely the more formal choice here. They can both be placed at the beginning of a sentence
- which helps to put some extra focus on the reason for something.
- And both of them can be used in the middle of a sentence. I want to go back to Portugal because there's so much to see!
- I want to go back to Portugal since there's still so much to see.
- Now if you're trying to decide between so and as a result or because and since,
- you need to think about where you want the focus of your sentence to be, on the reason
- or the result? That's how you make your choice.
- Next up we have like and such as. Now I want you to forget about to like which means enjoy.
- When we're using like as a conjunction or a linking word like this it means for example.
- In Portugal, I really enjoyed the food, sweets like pasteis de nata and seafood like bacalhau.
- So we can replace like with for example or such as and in a professional or a formal setting, they're much better
- choices but in casual everyday conversations, like sounds so much more natural, friendly and relaxed.
- There's one more thing that I want to point out. Have a look.
- Tourists enjoy activities such as visiting the Alfama neighbourhood or catching tram 28.
- Like and such are always followed by a noun or a pronoun, aren't they? Like pasteis de nata and bacalhau.
- So if you want to use a verb you need to make sure that it's a gerund, it's the -ing form like
- visiting or catching here. Last of all we have especially and in fact.
- These words are not actually interchangeable but they have a similar function in our sentences.
- Both of them are used to emphasise a point, especially is an adverb and we use it to
- add emphasis to something, it shows that one thing is more of something than other things or people.
- Everything in Portugal is beautiful, especially the patterned pavements.
- The landscape is beautiful, the people are beautiful but the patterned pavements are the most
- beautiful part for me. In fact is what we call a discourse marker, something that helps us
- to order and connect our ideas as we speak or we write. And we use in fact to give more information
- or emphasise something. Portugal is popular with tourists.
- In fact, Portugal was voted best European destination to visit by car.
- To emphasise the popularity of Portugal, I'm using in fact to add extra information and to highlight
- this important information and draw attention to it so as you're speaking.
- It makes people listen when you say in fact. Here's some extra information that's interesting.
- It's usually used to introduce a sentence but in some circumstances,
- you'll see it at the end of a sentence as well. Portugal was voted best European destination to visit by car,
- in fact. Again it's adding that emphasis, that
- interesting extra piece of information that you may not have known.
- So that's it for today's lesson. I hope you learned something new, something interesting.
- In fact you could prove it to me by writing some of your own sentences
- down in the comments below. I'll head down there now to check them out!